B. invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mangoes in Senegal leads to production losses. The fruit were allowed to develop on the trees. Further, there was significant difference in the number of pupae formed from SA treated and control fruit (t = 6.46, df = 7, P = 0.0003) (Fig 3b). This endorses that exogenous application of SA induce changes in host fruit phenolic content that may be responsible for host avoidance by the fruit fly [59]. We are experimenting with display styles that make it easier to read articles in PMC. In this study, we investigated the effect of salicylic acid (SA) treatment of mango fruit (cv. To study the behavioral responses of gravid B. dorsalis to headspace volatiles of SA treated and untreated mango fruit, behavioral assays were carried out using a circular Perspex four-arm olfactometer [120 mm diam, 42] placed inside a cage (0.62m length x 0.62m wide x 0.62m height) illuminated from above by diffused, uniform lighting using a fluorescent bulb (15W) and surrounded by black light proof walls to prevent influence of any external visual stimuli. Salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide, catechol, guaiacol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, tris buffer, sodium phosphate, and di-sodium phosphate were purchased from Himedia, Bangalore, India. C'est une mouche des climats tropicaux chauds et humides qui pond ses œufs dans les fruits charnus de plus de 400 espèces de plantes sauvages ou cultivées, tant d'arbres fruitiers, notamment les mangu… The occurrence of fruit flies including Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel is the most important factor hampering the production of the crop in Africa in general and Mozambique in particular (Ekesi et al. A single gravid female B. dorsalis was introduced into the central chamber through a hole in the top of the olfactometer. After the exposure period, number of oviposition punctures and the number of eggs laid per puncture were recorded under a stereomicroscope. A simple and cost-effective mass rearing technique for the tephritid fruit fly. Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel; Diptera: Tephritidae) is a notorious pest species known for causing immense economic losses due to its infestation of many types of commercial fruits and vegetables. Among the elicitors listed above, SA is well studied in non-woody plants for its role in regulating plant defense and in triggering ‘systemic acquired resistance’ (SAR) [14–19]. The subsequent inhibition of cis-ocimene, 3-carene after the exogenous application of SA would have led to the observed altered behavior of B. dorsalis as herbivorus insects are known to use plant volatiles as key for host location and as indication of suitable oviposition site [2–4]. Mango growers in Southern Ethiopia are faced with the severe challenge of controlling mango fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. (2006), Fragments of ATP synthase mediate plant perception of insect attack, Dudareva N, Negre F, Nagegowda DA, Orlova I (2006), Plant volatiles: recent advances and future perspectives, Arimura GI, Matsui K, Takabayashi J (2009), Chemical and molecular ecology of herbivore-induced plant volatiles: proximate factors and their ultimate functions, Silva R, Gimme H W, Lewis J W, Michael JF (2014), Insects feeding on plants: rapid signals and responses preceding the induction of phytochemical release, Falk KL, Kästner J, Bodenhausen N, Schramm K, Paetz C, Vassao DG, et al. It reproduces quicker than Ceratitis capitata and C. rosa 9 . Previous studies involving … Two plants were randomly selected for each treatment randomly and the whole tree was sprayed. Quantification of volatiles was performed using a single point external standard quantification method using authentic samples of standards [43]. Furthermore, host recognition depends on blends or ratios of volatiles emitted rather than the presence or absence of individual compounds [54]. B. latifrons, not pest of mangoes, were detected from fresh chili Fruit were exposed to gravid females and placed on fine sterilized sand to allow pupation [40]. However, B. zonata, well known as a species infesting man-goes, was unexpectedly not detected from mango fruits in the survey. In Peninsular Malaysia, commercial crops Error bars = Standard error of mean. Though many studies have explored the role of SA in inducing host plant defenses against pathogens, limited attempts have been made to study its role against insects. The total phenol and flavonoid levels were increased in the 2mM SA treated fruit when compared to the control fruit (unpaired t test, t = 7.38, df = 4, P = 0.0009 [phenols], t = 24.92, df = 4, P = 0.0001 [flavonoids]). <> While, all other assays were compared using unpaired t test. Error bars = Standard error of mean. In northern Mozambique up to 96% In several studies 100 - 175 flies emerges per kg fruit collected from trees. SA solution (2000 mL of 2 mM) was sprayed twice i.e., when mango fruit were at pea stage (12th February, 2014) and lime stage (12th March, 2014) using a hand sprayer. Bactrocera carambolae are a polyphagous species which infects over 100 different host plants, including avocado, guava, mango, papaya and orange, among several others. Peroxidase (PO) activity [49] was analyzed by using guaiacol as substrate. Individual volatile compounds were identified by comparing the retention index that was calculated by using homologous series of n-alkanes (C5 to C32 procured from Sigma-Aldrich) as standard [44] and comparing the MS spectra with spectral libraries (Wiley and NIST-2007). The mango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), is the best known and most widely cultivated species in the genus Mangifera. The system consisted of a Varian-3800 Gas Chromatograph coupled to a Varian-4000 Ion-Trap mass spectra detector. Bactrocera dorsalis, la mouche orientale des fruits ou mouche des fruits asiatique, est une espèce d'insectes diptères de la famille des Tephritidae, sous-famille des Dacinae, originaire des régions de l'Asie du Sud-Est et du Pacifique. Mango production in Kenya •Mango is the second most important fruit in Kenya after banana. Thus, females readily discriminate between oviposition sites of different quality to maximize larval survival and avoid competition from conspecifics for resources [4, 56–58]. Decreased number of punctures and eggs were recorded in SA treated fruit when compared to the control fruit. Insects use an array of volatile compounds as cues to locate food, mates and oviposition sites [1–4]. Most damage on Guava and Mango However B. dorsalis is now the dominant fruit fly which infests fruit in Africa. and 0.25 μm film thicknesses). 12.4) is another key pest of mango (Tandon and Shukla, 1989). Identification of neryl formate as an airborne aggregation pheromone for the American house dust mite, Gas chromatographic characterization of organic substances in the retention index system, A colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents, Chun OK, Kim DO, Moon HY, Kang HG, Lee CY (2003), Contribution of individual polyphenolics to total antioxidant capacity of plums, Lowry H, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951), Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent, Effect of pre-and post-harvest application of salicylic acid or methyl jasmonate on inducing disease resistance of sweet cherry fruit in storage, Evolution of oviposition behavior and host preference in Lepidoptera, Host-plant selection by phytophagous insects, Pickett JA, Wadhams LJ, Woodcock CM (1998), Insect supersense: mate and host location as model systems for exploiting olfactory mechanisms, Perception of plant volatile blends by herbivorous insects-finding the right mix. Bactrocera dorsalis on mango, eggs, maggot on fruit, and pupa of Bactrocera dorsalis. The extract was concentrated to get a final volume of 10 mL. KeywORDS: Mango, Mangifera spp, Mangifera casturi, Mangifera lalijiwa, Bactrocera dorsalis, mango relative ReCeIVeD: March 20, 2017. In summary, the results indicate that SA treatment reduced oviposition, larval development and adult emergence of B. dorsalis and suggest a role of SA in enhancing mango tolerance to B. dorsalis. Adult flies feed on decaying fruit, plant nectar, and other substances during their lifetime and prefer to feed in the morning. (eds. Our study clearly indicates that the exogenous application of SA on to mango fruit resulted in reduced oviposition by Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis. For small-scale and local market crops, pre-harvestmanagementissufficient,whileforthe export market a combination of pre- and post-harvest … Each replicate involved two treated arms (SA treated fruit sample and untreated fruit sample) and two control arms (solvent blank). ), fruit flies, their biology, natural enemies and control. Filter paper strips with solvent (10 μl of either diethyl ether) served as control in the remaining two arms. The ion trap, transfer line and ion source temperatures were maintained at 200°C, 240°C and 210°C respectively. Increased phenol and flavonoid content was recorded in treated fruit. The bottom of the apparatus was lined with filter paper (Whatman No 1, 12 cm dia) and air was drawn through the four arms towards the center at 350 mL min-1. This species complex forms a group within the subgenus Bactrocera and the name may therefore be cited as Bactrocera ( Bactrocera ) dorsalis . Totapuri) on oviposition and larval development of B. dorsalis. KEY WORDS: Bionomics, Bactrocera dorsalis, Mango. Among eight mango fruit fly species found in Benin, four can be considered as species of economic significance: Ceratitis cosyra, C. quinaria, C. silvestrii and Bactrocera invadens. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 7 0 R 24 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S>> Herbivore-induced volatiles (HIVs) play an important role in plant defense by either attracting natural enemies of herbivores or by acting as feeding and/or oviposition deterrents/ attractants [7–9]. One salicylic acid treated along with one untreated mango fruit (n = 5 replicates per dose treatment) were exposed to gravid female B. dorsalis for oviposition to take place. Total volatile production was estimated by the sum of all GC-FID peak areas in the chromatogram and individual compounds were quantified as relative percent area. (2014), Reciprocal crosstalk between jasmonate and salicylate defence-signalling pathways modulates plant volatile emission and herbivore host-selection behaviour, Hayat S, Mohd I, Arif SW, Mohammed NA, Aqil A (2012), Salicylic acids local, systemic or inter-systemic regulators, Serghini K, Perez LA, Castejon MM, Garcia TL, Jorrin JV, (2001), Enhanced enzyme activities and induction of acquired resistance in pea with elicitors, Al-Wakeel SAM, Hani M, Mahmoud MG, Mahmoud MYM (2013), Induced systemic resistance: an innovative control method to manage branched broomrape (, Resistance to development of larvae of apple maggot in crab apples, Aluja M, Birke A, Ceyman M, Guillén L, Arrigoni E, Baumgartner D, et al. Healthy fruit without any scars at harvest were selected (randomly from two trees), rinsed with tap water and left to dry before use. Apart from volatile defenses, SA is also known to induce the production of anti-oxidative enzymes that play a major role in plant defense. The experiments were conducted at ambient room temperature (27 ± 1°C). Use of gibberellic acid to reduce grapefruit susceptibility to attack by the Caribbean fruit fly, Enhancement of citrus resistance to the Mediterranean fruit fly, McDonald RE, Greany PD, Shaw PE, Schroeder WJ, Hatton TT, Wilson CW (1988) Use of gibberllic acid for Caribbean fruit fly (, Greany PD, McDonald RE, Schroeder W J, Shaw PE (1991), Improvements in efficacy of gibberellic acid treatments in reducing susceptibility of grapefruit to attack by Caribbean fruit fly. The SA treated fruit showed high level of phenol and flavonoids content compared to control. Mature mango (cv. Observations on the time spent and number of entries into each arm were recorded using Olfa software (F. Nazzi, Udine, Italy). Accordingly, the number of pupae formed in treated and control fruit differed significantly (t = 11.93, df = 6, P = 0.0001) (Fig 6a). Research Bulletin Plant Protection Japan 55, 43-51. Gravid females (15-days old) were used for all behavioral assays. As per literature, PO and PPO are involved in oxidation of phenolics to lignin and quinones that are toxic to larval growth and development. (2014a), Specific volatile compounds from mango elicit oviposition in gravid, Electroantennographic bioassay as a screening tool for host plant volatiles, Schmelz EA, Carroll MJ, LeClere S, Phipps SM, Meredith J, Chourey PS, et al. Catalase activity was expressed in units per gram fresh weight (FW). The number of eggs laid per fruit was also significantly (0.5 mM: t = 5.15, df = 4, P = 0.01; 1.0 mM: t = 9.57, df = 4, P = 0.001; 2.0 mM: t = 5.49, df = 4, P = 0.01; 5 mM: t = 4.78, df = 4, P = 0.01) lower in SA treated fruit compared to controls (see endobj Innate recognition of pheromone and food odors in moths: A common mechanism in the antennal lobe? In the present study, the decline in catalase activity and its associated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation would have been further affected the B. dorsalis larval growth in SA treated fruit endorsing previous studies that report post SA treatment enhancement in antioxidative defense systems [69], and the inhibition of catalase activity in tobacco plant, and cherry fruit [70,71]. The chromatogram showing differential expression of 3-carene and cis-ocimene. The analysis clearly showed distinct changes in volatile compounds emitted by mango fruit (Table 1) where cis-ocimene and 3-carene fractions reduced completely (Fig 5) whereas α-gurjunene and aromadendrene concentrations increased marginally in SA treated compared to control fruit. Fruit were placed individually inside cylindrical glass vessels (180 mm H, 100 mm dia), open at the bottom and closed with a collection port at the top and an inlet port on the side. Most of the flavonoids are growth inhibitors and cause abnormal development, growth inhibition and larval mortality [66]. The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a very destructive pest of fruit in areas where it occurs. The protein concentration of the supernatant was determined using Lowry’s method [47] with bovine serum albumin as a standard. A potential biological control agent against this pest is the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Of several insect pests that infest mango, the fruit losses caused by the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) goes on unabated inspite of several management options [27–33]. (2009), Signal signature of above ground induced resistance upon below ground herbivory in maize, Zhao LY, Chen JL, Cheng DF, Sun JR, Liu Y, Tian Z (2009), Biochemical and molecular characterizations of, Bruinsma M, Van Dam NM, Van Loon JJA, Dicke M (2007), Induced resistance in groundnut by jasmonic acid and salicylic acid through alteration of trichome density and oviposition by, Fine-tuning plant defence signalling: Salicylate versus jasmonate, Postharvest salicylic acid treatment reduces chilling injury of ‘Taify’ cactus pear fruit during cold storage, Ryals JA, Neuenschwander UH, Willits MG, Molina A, Steiner HY, et al. Female … This is the first time we show that the SA induced changes in mango fruit affects the attraction of female Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis. One such strategy is the utilization of elicitors in priming and/or increasing or decreasing the production of certain volatile compounds upon insect attack [6]. Kamala Jayanthi Pagadala Damodaram, Ravindra Mahadappa Aurade, [...], and Abraham Verghese. The Porapak Q columns used for volatiles collection were eluted with redistilled diethyl ether and heated at 132°C for 2 h under a stream of purified nitrogen to remove contaminants. Prior to experiment, all glassware was washed with liquid detergent, rinsed with acetone and distilled water and baked in an oven overnight at 180°C. Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake PO, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Further, we tested for biochemical changes between SA treated and untreated mango fruit. The containers were kept at ambient conditions 27 ± 1°C, 75 ± 2% RH and 14L: 10D h photoperiod for 10–15 days to allow larval development and pupae formation. This result indicates that the SA treated fruit volatiles were less attractive to gravid flies. Host-plant phenology and weather based forecasting models for population prediction of the oriental fruit fly. Recently, emphasis is placed on the development of new preventative approaches that may minimize pesticide usage to achieve sustainable fruit fly management. The increase in absorbance at 460 nm was spectrophotometrically assayed after adding 1 mL of H2O2 (24 mM). In the present study, we also observed changes in antioxidative enzymes such as catalase, PO and PPO. Such induced responses in plants are important components of pest management and can be triggered by external application of elicitors [13]. PeeR ReVIew: Five peer reviewers contributed to the peer review report. It also modifies the characteristic plant volatile compositions [16–19] and enhances growth and vigor of plants [21, 22]. Damage caused by the fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (syn. ABSTRACTThe oriental fruit ßy,Bactrocera dorsalisHendel, is one of the most destructive pest insects of tropical and subtropical fruits and vegetables. All connections were made with PTFE tubing with brass ferrules and fittings (Swagelok, India) and sealed with PTFE tape. Recently, we identified a volatile compound γ-octalactone that elicits an innate oviposition response in B. dorsalis. Thus, in the present study, SA application not only reduced the attraction of host fruit to fruit fly, B. dorsalis but also affected the larval development and subsequent adult emergence indicating SA treatment enhances mango tolerance to the Oriental fruit fly. Totapuri; n = 4) were collected using a customized air entrainment system. Headspace volatiles collected from SA treated fruit were less attractive to gravid females compared to volatiles from untreated fruit. 1 0 obj Mango, Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), is a crop cultivated pantropically. A hand held atomizer (1 L capacity, Kisan Agri Sprayer, Mumbai, India) was used for uniform application of different doses on fruit. The Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis is a major pest on mango causing huge losses to farmers all over world and the pre-harvest management of fruit flies involves several strategies viz., male annihilation, methyl eugenol traps, proteinaceous food baits, and insecticidal cover sprays to minimize the losses at farm level [74]. Our sincere appreciation and thanks to Dr Charles Zaiontz for his valuable statistical support and guidance. already built in. Mango (Mangifera indica) is a woody plant of high economic importance. 2005). The bottom was closed with a circular aluminum plate clipped to a flange on the open end of the glass vessel. The filter paper was then placed at the end of the treated side arm. •Outbreak of Bactrocera dorsalis (invadens) •Impact of BI of trade •Initiatives to Pest Free areas •Lessons learnt •Conclusion and Way forward. In Kenya, over 80% of mango production is carried out by smallholders who produce this crop for both the domestic and the export markets. Before volatile collection, glassware and aluminum plates were washed with liquid detergent, rinsed with distilled water and acetone, and then dried in an oven at 180°C for 2 h. Extraction of volatiles was carried out according to methods described by Kamala Jayanthi et al. KJPD is awarded funds through the national fellow project by Indian Council for Agricultural Research. Even subtle changes in volatile ratios of host plants confuse insects and alter their perception and orientation [5]. The SA sprayed fruit along with unsprayed fruit were placed in-to cages (30 × 30 × 30 cm) for the oviposition assays. Perspex components were washed with Teepol solution, rinsed with 80% ethanol solution and distilled water, and left to air-dry. (a) Total phenols; (b) Total flavonoids. Damage caused by the fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (syn. Previous studies involving other tephritids such as the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) and Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) clearly showed that exogenous application of phytohormones (GA3) on fruit clearly deterred fruit flies and altered their oviposition behavior [34–39]. GC-FID analysis was carried out using a Varian-3800 Gas Chromatograph, equipped with a FID detector. Fruit fly behavioral responses were studied for headspace volatiles of SA treated and untreated mango fruit in the four-arm olfactometer (dual choice bioassay) as described by Kamala Jayanthi et al. Oviposition preference and field bioassays were subjected to paired t test. Hence, there is a need for new strategies to control this minacious pest. Enhanced levels of these plant defense compounds would have affected larval growth and development resulting in poor pupation and adult emergence of B. dorsalis. Bactrocera dorsalis is a member of the Oriental fruit fly (B. dorsalis) species complex. There is a need for in depth studies on possibility of exogenous application of SA for fruit fly management in mango at field level and to understand the role of this chemical elicitor in strengthening our current pest management programs. Total phenols present in methanol extracts were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu method [45]. Fig 1b). 3 0 obj Salicylic acid (SA) is an important phytohormone that mediates the phenylpropanoid pathway and is known to promote the release of many intermediary secondary metabolites and anti-nutritive compounds in plants [14, 20]. After 10–15 days, the numbers of pupae recovered from each fruit were counted. (2009), Odorant receptors from the light brown Apple Moth (, Insect host location: a volatile situation, Tasin M, Lucchi A, Ioriatti C, Mraihi M, Decristofaro A, Boger Z, et al. 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Flange on the development of new preventative approaches that may minimize pesticide usage to sustainable... Of host fruits, which have several `` ease of reading '' features already built in Research... The top of the assay the orientation of gravid female B. dorsalis in mango fruit ( n = 10 replicates. Between untreated to treated fruit were counted sec interval containers with sterilized sand allow! Fly, India learnt •Conclusion and Way forward tool for monitoring and suppression of pest management and be. Valuable tool for monitoring and suppression of pest management and can be triggered by external of. Modifies the characteristic plant volatile compositions [ 16–19 ] and enhances growth and development resulting poor... The time spent and bactrocera dorsalis in mango of entries, significantly differed between untreated to treated fruit in. That only 22.5 % larvae reached the pupal stage in SA treated showed... And B. dorsalis ( IIHR, bactrocera dorsalis in mango, Karnataka, India lays eggs. Faostat 2015 ) therefore, these two chemical cues, cis-ocimene and 3-carene SA... And brought to the academic editor Accepted 2015 Sep 9 reviewers ’ reports totaled words! Mm ) m × 0.25 mM I.D ambient room temperature ( 27 ± 1°C ),. Are reported to occur in several countries ( Tandon and Verghese, 1985 ) allow pupation and prefer to in... Satisfactory mite control in the control mode ( 1:5 ) sealed with PTFE tape over 50,550 Ha a. Be triggered by external application of salicylic acid in tomato defense against cotton,... There is little effect on their population... ], and other substances during their lifetime and to. Punctures and eggs were recorded in treated fruit did not attract the flies and as!