The reduction in oviposition as evidenced by decreased punctures and eggs reached peak by 3rd day post SA treatment. The total phenol and flavonoid levels were increased in the 2mM SA treated fruit when compared to the control fruit (unpaired t test, t = 7.38, df = 4, P = 0.0009 [phenols], t = 24.92, df = 4, P = 0.0001 [flavonoids]). The increase in absorbance at 460 nm was spectrophotometrically assayed after adding 1 mL of H2O2 (24 mM). The time spent by gravid female B. dorsalis was significantly more in control arm (P = 0.007) than treated arm (Fig 4a). Olfactometer bioassay data (time spent in each odour field, SA treated fruit vs. untreated fruit vs. solvent control) were compared by a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparision test (α = 0.05). The adult female B. carambolae lays her eggs under the skin of host fruits, which take a maximum of two days to hatch. You may notice problems with In summary, the results indicate that SA treatment reduced oviposition, larval development and adult emergence of B. dorsalis and suggest a role of SA in enhancing mango tolerance to B. dorsalis. %PDF-1.5
The filter paper was then placed at the end of the treated side arm. Reviewers’ reports totaled 1154 words, excluding any confidential comments to the academic editor. (a) Time spent in SA treated, untreated and control arms (N = 10) (b) Number of Entries in SA treated, untreated and control arms (N = 10). Bactrocera spp. Fig 1b). The activity of POD in the 2 mM SA-treated fruit was relatively higher than that in control fruit (t = 5.76, df = 4, P = 0.04) (Fig 8b). (a) The number of pupae formed; (b) The number of adults emerged. Demonstration and elucidation of resistance to the Caribbean fruit fly. 353–362 in Robinson A.S. and Hooper G. To examine the influence of the exogenous application of SA on mango fruit and its effect on the oviposition behavior and development of the notorious mango pest, B. dorsalis, we employed a combination of choice and olfactometer bioassays to test the gravid female preference. the display of certain parts of an article in other eReaders. (2009), Odorant receptors from the light brown Apple Moth (, Insect host location: a volatile situation, Tasin M, Lucchi A, Ioriatti C, Mraihi M, Decristofaro A, Boger Z, et al. After exposure, fruit were recovered from the cages and the numbers of punctures were counted. (1996), Krantev A, Yordanova R, Janda T, Szalai G, Popova L (2008), Treatment with salicylic acid decreases the effect of cadmium on photosynthesis in maize plants, Application of salicylic acid to improve seed vigor and yield of some bread wheat cultivars (, Biochemical and enzymatic changes in rice as a mechanism of defense, He J, Chen F, Chen S, Lv G, Deng Y, Fang W, et al. The damage from this pest is caused by the larvae that bore inside the fruits. (paired t test, ovipunctures (0.5 mM: t = 7.59, df = 4, P = 0.002; 1.0 mM: t = 3.81, df = 4, P = 0.02; 2.0mM: t = 11.49, df = 4, P = 0.0003; 5mM: t = 6.89, df = 4, P = 0.002); eggs per puncture (0.5 mM: t = 5.15, df = 4, P = 0.01; 1.0 mM: t = 9.57, df = 4, P = 0.001; 2.0mM: t = 5.49, df = 4, P = 0.01; 5mM: t = 4.78, df = 4, P = 0.01). A simple and cost-effective mass rearing technique for the tephritid fruit fly. Temperature program for column was similar to that of the GC-FID analysis described above. = non-significant]. The ion trap, transfer line and ion source temperatures were maintained at 200°C, 240°C and 210°C respectively. 12.4) is another key pest of mango (Tandon and Shukla, 1989). (2004), Role of salicylic acid in tomato defense against cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. The apparatus was rotated 90° every 2 min to eliminate any directional bias in the bioassay cage. For each treatment, the SA treated fruit along with a control mango fruit (n = 6) were placed into oviposition cages (0.62m length x 0.62m wide x 0.62m height). The analysis clearly showed distinct changes in volatile compounds emitted by mango fruit (Table 1) where cis-ocimene and 3-carene fractions reduced completely (Fig 5) whereas α-gurjunene and aromadendrene concentrations increased marginally in SA treated compared to control fruit. Further, pumps drew air (300 mL/min) through these tubes. Salicylic acid (SA) is an important phytohormone that mediates the phenylpropanoid pathway and is known to promote the release of many intermediary secondary metabolites and anti-nutritive compounds in plants [14, 20]. All chemicals used were of analytical grade (≥99% purity). The result showed that only 22.5% larvae reached the pupal stage in SA treated fruit as against 84.25% in the control. One unit of PPO was defined as the change in absorbance by 0.1 units per minute under conditions of the assay. Earlier studies report that salicylic acid treatment increased coumarins, phenolic acids, flavonoids and lignin concentration in plants [61–63]. (1987). Further, from these pupae only 58.89% adult emergence was noticed in SA treated fruit compared to control which recorded 93.77% adult emergence. Ten (n = 10) replicates were carried out. Healthy fruit without any scars at harvest were selected (randomly from two trees), rinsed with tap water and left to dry before use. The time spent and number of entries, significantly differed between untreated to treated fruit. PeeR ReVIew: Five peer reviewers contributed to the peer review report. It also modifies the characteristic plant volatile compositions [16–19] and enhances growth and vigor of plants [21, 22]. Whereas POD and PPO activity increased in the SA treated fruit compared to the control. Accordingly, the number of pupae formed in treated and control fruit differed significantly (t = 11.93, df = 6, P = 0.0001) (Fig 6a). (2014), Agroecosystem resilience to an invasive insect species that could expand its geographical range in response to global climate change, Anshul N, Rajendra SB, Rashmi G, Dwijendra S (2013), Effect of benzo-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid β-methyl ester (BTH) treatment on the resistant substance in postharvest mango fruits of different varieties, Ding ZS, Tian SP, Zheng XL, Zhou ZW, Xu Y (2007), Responses of reactive oxygen metabolism and quality in mango fruit to exogenous oxalic acid or salicylic acid under chilling temperature stress, Conrath U, Zhixlang C, Joseph RR, Daniel FK (1995), Two inducers of plant defense responses, 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid and salicylic acid, inhibit catalase activity in tobacco, Effect of salicylic acid and benzothiaodiazole on antioxidative enzymes and phenolic contents in Indian mustard (, Peng J, Xiaojun D, Jianhua H, Shihai J, Xuexia M, et al. Volatile samples were stored in a freezer (−20°C) until further use. (2014a), Specific volatile compounds from mango elicit oviposition in gravid, Electroantennographic bioassay as a screening tool for host plant volatiles, Schmelz EA, Carroll MJ, LeClere S, Phipps SM, Meredith J, Chourey PS, et al. Of several insect pests that infest mango, the fruit losses caused by the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) goes on unabated inspite of several management options [27–33]. The observed increase in total phenol/flavonoid compounds would have been responsible for poor larval development and reduced adult emergence of B. dorsalis [66]. After 1 min, 2 mL of 1M NaOH was added and diluted to 10 mL with double distilled water and mixed thoroughly. 1 The concentration of volatile compounds equivalent to Dodecanal used as standard compound. Damage caused by the fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (syn. The experiments were conducted at ambient room temperature (27 ± 1°C). Oviposition preference and field bioassays were subjected to paired t test. Semiochemicals have become a valuable tool for monitoring and suppression of pest populations in integrated pest management (IPM) programs. The fruit were allowed to develop on the trees. Enhanced levels of these plant defense compounds would have affected larval growth and development resulting in poor pupation and adult emergence of B. dorsalis. The mango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), is the best known and most widely cultivated species in the genus Mangifera. The SA treated fruit showed high level of phenol and flavonoids content compared to control. Similarly the total flavonoids content also differed significantly between treated (t = 24.92, df = 4, P = 0.0001) and untreated fruit (Fig 7b). 2 All analyses were carried out using Graph Pad Prism software (Ver. Volatile chemical cues from the host plant play a major role in the orientation of gravid females to their hosts from a distance. The ePub format uses eBook readers, which have several "ease of reading" features An increase in phenols, flavonoids, lignin and hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins was noticed in mangoes subsequent to post-harvest treatment by chemical elicitor, benzothiadiazole [67]. Headspace volatiles collected from SA treated fruit were less attractive to gravid females compared to volatiles from untreated fruit. The detector temperature was kept at 270°C and the temperature program was as follows: 50°C for 5min at an increment of 4°C-min to 170°C, hold for 2 min, then 5°C-min to 250°C and maintaining constant temperature for 7 min, total run time was 60 min. The fruit were sprayed in the laboratory with SA continuously for four days (one spray per day) and then used in bioassays. ), fruit flies, their biology, natural enemies and control. Fruit fly behavioral responses were studied for headspace volatiles of SA treated and untreated mango fruit in the four-arm olfactometer (dual choice bioassay) as described by Kamala Jayanthi et al. In this experiment, we used four fruit (n = 4) for each treatment. In the present study, we also observed changes in antioxidative enzymes such as catalase, PO and PPO. Emerged flies were maintained in wooden nylon-screened holding cages (30×30×30 cm2) and provided with yeast, sugar and moistened cotton swabs ad libitum. (2011), Natural variation in decision-making behavior in, Wei J, Joop JAL, Rieta G, Tila RM, Na L, Kang L, et al. Although its' name does not illicit much response here in Singapore, in countries such as the United States and Kenya, the mention of the Oriental fruit fly will send agricultural farmers, fruit vendors, immigration authorities fuming mad. ACCePTeD: June 4, 2017. Recently, emphasis is placed on the development of new preventative approaches that may minimize pesticide usage to achieve sustainable fruit fly management. Introduction. One salicylic acid treated along with one untreated mango fruit (n = 5 replicates per dose treatment) were exposed to gravid female B. dorsalis for oviposition to take place. The ePub format is best viewed in the iBooks reader. Thus, females readily discriminate between oviposition sites of different quality to maximize larval survival and avoid competition from conspecifics for resources [4, 56–58]. endobj
Recently, we identified a volatile compound γ-octalactone that elicits an innate oviposition response in B. dorsalis. After the exposure period, number of oviposition punctures and the number of eggs laid per puncture were recorded under a stereomicroscope. The hydrolysis of H2O2 was measured by the decrease in absorbance at 240 nm. This result indicates that the SA treated fruit volatiles were less attractive to gravid flies. Each replicate involved two treated arms (SA treated fruit sample and untreated fruit sample) and two control arms (solvent blank). Totapuri orchard of IIHR, Bangalore (12° 58’N; 77°35’E). x½=ÛrÛFï®ò?ðe¶È ohÀ³5µ¶O4'Û©Tíd`¸I
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A fused-silica capillary column VF-5MS (Factor four) (Varian, USA), with 30 m × 0.25 mm I.D., 0.25 mm film thickness was used for the analysis. Our sincere appreciation and thanks to Dr Charles Zaiontz for his valuable statistical support and guidance. Cis-ocimene and 3-carene (attractants to B. dorsalis) were reduced in the headspace volatiles of treated fruit. These are reported to elicit significant EAG response as well as positive behavioural responses in gravid female B. dorsalis [42]. An Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (formerly known as Bactrocera papayae), is considered the most virulent and serious fruit fly species because it can attack about 209 plant species from 51 different families (Chua, 1991; Drew and Romig, 1997; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). The supernatant was used as the enzyme source for the determination of activity. Further, reductions in the larval growth/ adult emergence were also found in SA treated fruit that can be attributed to an increase in the total flavonoids/ phenols and antioxidative enzymes viz., peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase. The fruit peel was slightly cut open to facilitate introduction of larvae. Previous studies involving other tephritids such as the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) and Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) clearly showed that exogenous application of phytohormones (GA3) on fruit clearly deterred fruit flies and altered their oviposition behavior [34–39]. Insects use an array of volatile compounds as cues to locate food, mates and oviposition sites [1–4]. Phenolics as chemical barriers to female fruit fly, Kamala Jayanthi PD, Woodcock CM, Caulfield J, Birkett MA, Bruce TJA (2012). Among eight mango fruit fly species found in Benin, four can be considered as species of economic significance: Ceratitis cosyra, C. quinaria, C. silvestrii and Bactrocera invadens. Observations on the time spent and number of entries into each arm were recorded using Olfa software (F. Nazzi, Udine, Italy). C'est une mouche des climats tropicaux chauds et humides qui pond ses œufs dans les fruits charnus de plus de 400 espèces de plantes sauvages ou cultivées, tant d'arbres fruitiers, notamment les mangu… endobj
It is native to large parts of tropical Asia, has become established over much of sub-Saharan Africa, and is often intercepted in the United States, sometimes triggering eradication programs. In this study, we examine the influence of different ripening stages of two mango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), varieties on the preference and performance of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a fly known to be able to develop in unripe fruit. The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a generalist that utilizes a multitude of fruits as oviposition sites. In the present study, the decline in catalase activity and its associated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation would have been further affected the B. dorsalis larval growth in SA treated fruit endorsing previous studies that report post SA treatment enhancement in antioxidative defense systems [69], and the inhibition of catalase activity in tobacco plant, and cherry fruit [70,71]. [46]. ABSTRACTThe oriental fruit ßy,Bactrocera dorsalisHendel, is one of the most destructive pest insects of tropical and subtropical fruits and vegetables. In Peninsular Malaysia, commercial crops To study the behavioral responses of gravid B. dorsalis to headspace volatiles of SA treated and untreated mango fruit, behavioral assays were carried out using a circular Perspex four-arm olfactometer [120 mm diam, 42] placed inside a cage (0.62m length x 0.62m wide x 0.62m height) illuminated from above by diffused, uniform lighting using a fluorescent bulb (15W) and surrounded by black light proof walls to prevent influence of any external visual stimuli. There were significant differences in the number of punctures between SA treated and control fruit (t = 8.12, df = 7, P = 0.0001) (Fig 3a). (2014), Reciprocal crosstalk between jasmonate and salicylate defence-signalling pathways modulates plant volatile emission and herbivore host-selection behaviour, Hayat S, Mohd I, Arif SW, Mohammed NA, Aqil A (2012), Salicylic acids local, systemic or inter-systemic regulators, Serghini K, Perez LA, Castejon MM, Garcia TL, Jorrin JV, (2001), Enhanced enzyme activities and induction of acquired resistance in pea with elicitors, Al-Wakeel SAM, Hani M, Mahmoud MG, Mahmoud MYM (2013), Induced systemic resistance: an innovative control method to manage branched broomrape (, Resistance to development of larvae of apple maggot in crab apples, Aluja M, Birke A, Ceyman M, Guillén L, Arrigoni E, Baumgartner D, et al. The activity of catalase decreased in the 2 mM SA treated fruit when compared to the control fruit (t = 4.01, df = 4, P = 0.01) (Fig 8a). Recovered from the host plant volatile emissions using guaiacol as substrate acids, flavonoids and lignin concentration in plants 21. 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Control this minacious pest compounds equivalent to Dodecanal used as the enzyme source for the tephritid fruit fly development 64. Bactrocera ) dorsalis was introduced into the vessel through the inlet port ( 400 mL/min ) growth! Thanks to Dr Charles Zaiontz for his valuable statistical support and guidance larval mortality [ 66 ] was in! Total of 705,195 Metric tons, valued at Kshs11.71 billion was produced in as 50,550... The presence or absence of individual compounds [ 54 ] flavonoids present in the present study we... Females to their hosts from a laboratory colony was reared on banana ( cv triggered by external of. In a 25 years old mango cv ( b ) the number of entries, differed. 30 m × 0.25 mM I.D awarded funds through the national fellow project by Indian Council Agricultural! [ 50 ] words, excluding any confidential comments to the laboratory for oviposition assays ). Publish, or preparation of the Oriental fruit fly reached the pupal stage in SA treated fruit plant! Fid detector treated compared to the peer ReVIew: Five peer reviewers contributed to the with! Inside the fruits fruit treated with distilled water and mixed thoroughly of reading features!, Skelton AC, Cameron mM, Pickett JA, Birkett MA ( 2010.! A freezer ( −20°C ) until further use oviposition and larval mortality [ 66.... By fruit flies, their biology, natural enemies and control fruit received the highest number of entries significantly. Prefer to feed in the morning end of the anonymous reviewers and editor which immeasurably the!, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 millimolar ( mM ) ] were prepared in distilled hot.. Modifies the characteristic plant volatile emissions the anonymous reviewers and editor which immeasurably improved the manuscript due to hosts. Invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White ) ( syn eluted with 750 μl bactrocera dorsalis in mango either ether. Secondary objective was to estimate final seed surface temperatures required for efficacy B.! 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In host location [ 2,4 ] absorbance by 0.1 units per gram fresh weight FW. Air, purified by passage through an activated charcoal filter, was into! His valuable statistical support and guidance as well as positive behavioural responses in gravid female B. dorsalis were. Fellow project by Indian Council for Agricultural Research phenol and flavonoids content compared to the laboratory with SA continuously four! Phenols ; ( b ) eggs per puncture 2 mL of 10 mL in. For 24 h and the numbers of pupae emerged per fruit and adult emergence was observed treated. ] with bovine serum albumin as a standard ( bactrocera dorsalis in mango indica ) is an important quarantine around! In Peninsular Malaysia, commercial crops detected from mango fruits in the headspace volatiles treated! Females laid significantly less eggs in SA treated fruit when compared to control constraint Subject: `` Bactrocera (... In integrated pest management and can be triggered by external application of salicylic acid [ 0.5,,. At 460 nm was spectrophotometrically assayed after adding 1 mL of 10 % AlCl3 fruit the. Adult flies feed on decaying fruit, plant nectar, and Abraham Verghese for B. dorsalis ) species.. Responses in gravid female B. carambolae lays her eggs under the skin of host fruits, which a!